The ram carries the toolhead at its front end and travels in guideways to give straight line reciprocating motion of the tool. The ram is given a reciprocating motion equal to the length of the stroke. The column of the shaper houses the drive mechanisms for the ram and the table. Figure 3: A horizontal shaper showing its main parts and the relationship of the crank rpm Ns to the cutting velocity VĪ horizontal shaper consists of a base and frame that support a horizontal ram. ![]() A typical horizontal shaper with its main parts is shown in Figure 3. Such a shaper is called a horizontal shaper. The feed and depth of cut are, normally, provided by moving the work. In a shaper the workpiece is held stationary during cutting, while the tool reciprocates horizontally. If the size of the job is large then planing is used. Shaper is designed for machining flat surfaces on small sized jobs. Figure 2: Typical components manufactured by shaping process ![]() Typical components manufactured on shapers and planers are shown in Figure 2. The cutting is intermittent in all the three processes because in the relative reciprocating motion the tool cuts only in the forwardworking (or cutting) stroke followed by the idle-return stroke. Horizontally in shaping and vertically in slotting. In shaping and slotting, the primary motion is performed by the tool, and feed by the workpiece. Planing is a machining operation in which the primary cutting motion is performed by the workpiece and feed motion is imparted to the cutting tool. Planing, shaping and slotting are similar operations, which differ in the kinematics of the process. (Figure-1) Figure 1: Process of producing a flat surface by means of a relative reciprocating motion between the tool and workpiece. Shaping, planing and slotting are process that can be defined as the process of removing metal from a surface in horizontal, vertical and inclined position to produce a flat or plane surface, slots, grooves etc. ![]() In these types of machines, either the tool or the workpiece will be reciprocating while the other is held stationary. In this lesson, we are going to study about production of flat (or plane) surfaces using reciprocating type of machine tools. during the process of cutting the job rotates (as in case of lathe) and the tool is stationary. In the lessons 1-5, we have studied about rotary type of machine tool i.e. 6.0 Shaping, Planing & Slotting operations
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